New media: determining or determined? 1

*Based on Jiyoon and Dahye's Features.

Why the Frankfurt School?
-Produced first critical perspectives on mass media and popular. And theories & methods is important aspect of the development of the study of popular culture .

Mass society critics feared four things : First is the debasement and displacement. Second is the erosion of high cultural traditions. Third is loss of the ability of these cultural traditions to comment critically on society 's values. Fourth is the indoctrination and manipulation.

Fascism and Stalinism : Totalitarianism
– Standardization , political indoctrination
– 3S : sex, screen, sports

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McLuhan and Williams-

The Different between McLuhan and Williams are that McLuhan said new media change everything. But Williams said media can only take effect through already present social processes and sustain existing power relations.

Marshall McLuhan’s major works are,“The medium is the message”, clothes is an extension of skin, a wheel is an extension of foot, a book is an extension of eyes, electricity is an extension of the central nerve, and “global village”.

Raymond Williams’s major works are, The research direction to popular culture like movies and television, countless detailed studies of all kinds of media are guided and informed by his careful and penetrating outlines for a theory of media as a form of cultural production, and new media as subject to control and direction by human institutions, skill, creativity and intention, we are building upon such a williamsite emphasis.